Government Data Collection Current Landscape And Concerns

Government Data Collection: Current Landscape and Concerns Historically governments primarily had brick and mortar operations with data collection activities as part of specific operations like conducting surveys and taxation. However in the current era, just like with any private commercial entity, being digital and data driven is part of very function and operation of the government. Increasingly government activities and interactions with individuals are becoming digital which is in turn is leading to increased momentum of the collection, amount and availability of data. In fact this is also almost a basic expectation from clients who in the government’s case are the individuals. We as individuals are living in an unprecedented digitally open world also expect to interact with the government with the same convenience. The E-Government Act of 2002 has driven this movement towards â€Å"electronic governance†. The E-Government Act has enhanced the management and promotion of electronic Government services and processes b y establishing a Federal Chief Information Officer within the Office of Management and Budget and by establishing a broad framework of measures that require using Internet-based information technology to enhance citizen access to Government information and services. In addition to electronic governance the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 have also increased momentum and scope of data collection. The legal and policy changes enacted in theShow MoreRelatedHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives1692 Words   |  7 Pagesmy Waze and Trip Advisor to get me around. Technology has become an important part of our lives and behind the scenes, meta-data helps track and control our daily experience online. Who I email, what appointments I have with whom, what products I search on, what movies I look up, where I ran today, and what places I visited last weekend are just a few things that meta-data and cookies can reveal about me. Even online dating and searching preferences is stores through Match websites. Businesses canRead MoreSurveillance And Data Monitoring By Intelligence Agencies1126 Words   |  5 Pageswrong reasons or is abused? That is a concern that almost everyone has, and that is if they have some sort of privacy in their daily lives. â€Å"Surveillance Abuse is the use of police investigation methods or technology to supervise the activity of an individual or group of individuals in a way which violates the social norms or laws of a society† (US Legal, Inc.). Citizens of the U.S. worry whether their privacy is at risk or is be ing protected by our government. The topic of Surveillance Abuse andRead MoreThe Expansion Of The Internet As A Primary Source For Communication1603 Words   |  7 Pagesincreased concerns over data security and privacy. Specifically the technical and legal capabilities of government agencies to coerce private businesses to turn over the data. This data collection often occurs without appropriate warrants and requires data centers to retain data for longer periods than required for business needs and build in code to give government agencies a backdoor for access. The net effect is increased security risks and decreased privacy protections for personal data. When USRead MoreThe Fight Against International Terrorism1535 Words   |  7 Pagesthreat to the U.S. homeland and its interests in the region. 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Dissertation Chapter about Training LDS Chaplains to do Effective Pastoral Care for Service Members who Have Been Affected by the Traumas of War

III. THE DATA AND THE TREATMENT OF THE DATA 1. The Data Needed This study intends meeting the intellectual, knowledge level, and abilities of the United States military chaplain corps in their diagnostic and treatment of those afflicted with combat related stress. The target population for the proposed study, thus, consists of two sample groups; (1) military chaplains, and; (2) members of the uniformed services who have served in hostile environments subjecting them to possible stress related (Unwin, Blatchley et al., 1999). 2. Data Collection   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understanding the intrinsic value of the empirical characteristics of qualitative research is core to its philosophical underpinnings fitting into the intention of this study. Through empirical methodologies, qualitative research permits interpretation of constructs of social reality and exploration of first-hand experiences of research participants forming the philosophical underpinnings of this research methodology (Booker, 2009, 389+). Within this framework are the influences on social science open-ended research questions as they align with the intent of the study for outcome data gathering. This paper further discusses these items and provides an example of how these philosophical underpinnings apply to a specific research design and methodology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Booker (2009), â€Å"theoretical underpinnings† of qualitative research in researching and interpreting individual participation using empirical research methodology includes study tools of interviewing and observation. Her tenet as a teacher means assuring instruction of qualitative research has a philosophical framework of why and how qualitative research contributes to the study findings as equally as quantitative data (p 389+). In addition, according to Onwuegbuzie, Leech, Slate, Stark, Sharma, Frels, Harris, and Coombs (2012) philosophical underpinnings of qualitative research seeks data from such sources as â€Å"interviews, focus groups, surveys, observations, personal journals, diaries/memos, permanent records, transcription of meetings, photographs, audiovisual material, pictures, paintings, and field notes (p 16+)†. Booker (2009), as a teacher of qualitative research finds instilling the why and how importance of this type of data gathering tool is sometimes an uphill challenge even with her under and graduate students. To this end, Booker explains thinking in terms of â€Å"qualitatively† assists in overcoming what she interprets as a â€Å"resistance†. Her challenge to teach the philosophical underpinnings of qualitative research with its value to the social sciences and in particular educational research involves instruction of the changing nature of educational research using qualitative theories focusing on learner-centered instruction (p 389+). Remaining true to the spirit and intentions of this study relates to qualitative research philosophical underpinnings influencing social science research. At the same time, this type methodology specifically affects research questions, data collection approaches, and data analysis according to Booker (2009) in the social science field of psychology. From their own experiences, participants of qualitative research engage in proactive input guided by its philosophical underpinnings for obtaining socially pertinent first-hand information relating to the thesis. This provides how the philosophical and theoretical underpinnings of qualitative research in the social sciences create pertinent questions for interviews, questionnaires, and other personal feedback of participants according to the type of data sought (p 389+). In her professional experience Booker (2009) educational research – incorporates â€Å"approaches of phenomenology, critical race theory, feminist theory, grounded theory, and the case study approach†. These hold to the intrinsic value of the empirical characteristics of qualitative research permitting interpretation of constructs of social reality and exploration of first-hand experiences of research participants alongside the hard numbers/statistics provided through quantitative research data (p 389+). Using the qualitative methodology of the phenomenology field shows the shift in education embracing the â€Å"philosophical focus on the individual† learner experience providing â€Å"in-depth description†. In this, Booker (2009) explains creating â€Å"significant and valid theories of learning and development† arise from this philosophical underpinning of qualitative research by incorporating use of â€Å"smaller scale observations and interviews† as a qualitative methodology. Booker incorporates the validity of qualitative research philosophy through learning from case studies (p 389+).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Walsh-Bowers (2002) conducted qualitative research using the methodology focusing on student and faculty participants as researchers in the field of psychology. Using interview feedback asking faculty participants describe â€Å"past and present research experience; how contextual features of the research relationship impinged upon their work; and their opinions concerning the potential for alternative methods, research relationships, and scientific-writing styles to gain legitimacy in the discipline (p 163+)†. His student participants’ open-ended qualitative interview questions included â€Å"how they learned to do research with humans and to write scientifically. In addition, he asked â€Å"what exposure they had to alternative methods (e.g., QR) and to complementary writing styles, and what they believed needed to change in psychology, if anything, to legitimize these alternative approaches to research conduct and report-writing (Walsh-Bowers, 2002, p 163+)†. Clearly, this example of qualitative philosophical underpinnings in a case study shows in Walsh-Bowers own definition is a process â€Å"characterized by inductive, flexible exploration of the phenomena of interest by which the investigator seeks to understand rather than predict and control these phenomena; careful attention to the quality of research relationships†. Within the framework of his focus, the feedback provided how â€Å"the inter-subjective nature of investigative processes; and cultivation of multiple and partial interpretations† affect the qualitative data gathering (Walsh-Brown, 2002, p 163+).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A phenomenological study is the most viable for this research with implementation in three stages, including a pretest, in-depth structured interviews, and a follow-up after analyzing the collected data conducting the pretest using an electronic questionnaire format of open-ended qualitative style questions. For security purposes, and to ensure confidentiality, participants will receive an individualized password to access the survey. Results of the survey will be sent directly to the researcher for analysis and thus not be posted anywhere on the site. Conducting the follow-up of the participants will take place via telephone interviews and email correspondence. The researcher will also gather secondary data and collate published studies from various peer-reviewed journals. Noy (2011) adds, the phone follow up is not easily ignored by the respondents in the qualitative methodology of data gathering even to the extent of emails potentially ignored. In the phone conversation, the interviewer has â€Å"the opportunity to make a pitch tailored to your potential respondent, as well as to develop a personal connection†. In addition, Noy explains how phone interviews provide time saving methodology over meeting participants in person. The most important stage of the research endeavor is ensuring the validity of the accumulated data (Foss Ellefsen, 2002). References Ano, G. G. and E. B. Vasconcelles (2005). Religious Coping And Psychological Adjustment To Stress: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychol 61(4): 461-480. Astin, M. C., K. J. Lawrence, et al. (1993). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Battered Women: Risk And Resiliency Factors. Violence Vict 8(1): Booker, K. C. (2009). Shifting Priorities: Reflections on Teaching Qualitative Research Methods. The Qualitative Report, 14(3), 389+. Brende, J. O. and E. R. Parson (1985).   Vietnam Veterans: The Road To Recovery, Plenum Press. Calhoun, L. G., A. Cann, et al. (2000). A Correlational Test Of The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Growth, Religion, And Cognitive Processing. J Trauma Stress 13(3): 521-527. Corey,  G.,  Corey,  M.  S.,  Ã‚  Callanan,  P.  (2003).  Issues  and  ethics  in  the  helping  professions  (6th  Ed.). Pacific Grove,  CA:  Brooks/Cole. Everly,  G.  S.  Jr.  (2003).  Pastoral  Crisis  Intervention  in  Response  to  Terrorism. International  Journal  of Emergency Mental  Health,  5, p  1-2 Feemster, S. L. (2009, May). Wellness and Spirituality: Beyond Survival Practices for Wounded Warriors. The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 78(5), 2+. Retrieved from http://www.questia.com Foss, C. and B. Ellefsen (2002). The Value Of Combining Qualitative And Quantitative Approaches In Nursing Research By Means Of Method Triangulation. J Adv Nurs 40(2): 242-248. Fontana, A., R. Rosenheck, et al. (1992). War Zone Traumas And Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology. J Nerv Ment Dis 180(12): 748-755. Gall, T. L., Charbonneau, C., Clarke, N. H., Grant, K., Joseph, A. Shouldice, C. (2005). Understanding the Nature and Role of Spirituality In Relation To Coping and Health: A Conceptual Framework. Canadian Psychology, 46, 88-104. Gallup, G. and D. M. Lindsay (1999). Surveying The Religious Landscape: Trends In US Beliefs, Morehouse Pub. Gerber, M. M., A. Boals, et al. (2011). The Unique Contributions Of Positive And Negative Religious Coping To Posttraumatic Growth And PTSD. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality   3(4): 298. Green, B. L., J. D. Lindy, et al. (1988). Long Term Coping With Combat Stress. J Trauma Stress 1(4): 399-412. Gross, J. (2010, September 3). Spiritual Leaders in the Battle Zones: Deployed and Stateside, Military Chaplains Minister amid Myriad Pressures. National Catholic Reporter, 46(23), 3a+. Retrieved from http://www.questia.com Hasenauer, H.   (2001, July). Saving Soldiers from Suicide. Soldiers 56 p 26+ Helgeson, V. S., K. A. Reynolds, et al. (2006). A Meta-Analytic Review Of Benefit Finding And Growth. J Consult Clin Psychol 74(5): 797-816. Herman, J. L. (1997). Trauma and recovery, Basic Books. Hofer, J. (1934). Medical Dissertation On Nostalgia. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2(6): 376-391. Jones, F. D. (1995). Psychiatric Lessons of War. War Psychiatry. Washington, DC: TMM Publications: p   1-33. Jones, F. D., L. R. Sparacino, et al. (1995). War Psychiatry, DTIC Document. Kelly,  T.  A.,   Strupp,  H.  H.  (1992).  Patient  and  Therapist  Values  in  Psychotherapy:  Perceived Changes, Assimilation,  Similarity,  and  Outcome.  Journal  of  Consulting  and  Clinical  Psychology,  60,  p 34-40. Klingler, J. C. R. (1999). Relation of Adaptation, Life Meaning and Belief in God in Central and Southern Appalachian Culture in Response to the Unexpected and Violent Death of a Child, Union Institute. Krystal, H. (1993). Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New Psychology of Trauma. J Nerv Ment Dis 181(3): 208. Lifton, R. J. (1988). Understanding the traumatized self. Human adaptation to extreme stress: p 7-31. Lasota, L. (2004, September 17). Ministry Helps Veterans Deal with Demons of War: Vets Serve Other Vets Suffering from Posttraumatic Stress. National Catholic Reporter, 40(40), 4a+. Retrieved from http://www.questia.com Mahedy, W. P. (1986). Out of the night: The spiritual journey of Vietnam vets, Ballantine Books. Marlowe, D. H. (2001). Psychological and Psychosocial Consequences of Combat and Deployment: With Special Emphasis on the Gulf War. Santa Monica, CA: Rand. Retrieved from http://www.questia.com Maze, R. (2010). 18 Veterans Commit Suicide Each Year. Army Times, Gannett Company. McBride, J. L. B. (1998). Spiritual crisis: Surviving trauma to the soul, Routledge. Mcgrane, M. (2011) â€Å"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Military: The Need for Legislative Improvement of Mental Health Care for Veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Journal of Law and Health. 24(1); p 183+ Meagher, I. (2007). Moving a nation to care: post-traumatic stress disorder and Americas returning troops, Ig Publishing. Mendenhall, M. (2009). Chaplains in Mental Health: Healing the Spiritual Wounds of War. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 12(1), 8+. Retrieved from http://www.questia.com Meyer, M. (2008, January 1). Chaplains Complete Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Training. Warrior Citizen, 53, 11. Murad, K. A. (1991). The Relationship Of Religiosity To Level Of Psychopathology In Vietnam Veterans, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Muse, S., Bloomstrom, G. L. (2006, July/August). Warrior, Prophet, Priest: the Strategic Value of Chaplains to the War Effort and Community. Infantry, 95, 18+. North, O. (2005, March 28). God Bless Chaplains in Afghanistan, Iraq. Human Events, 61(11), 5. Retrieved from http://www.questia.com Ogden,  P,  Minton,  K.,  Ã‚  Pain,  C.  (2006).  Trauma  and  the  Body.New  York:  W.  W.  Norton  Ã‚  Co. Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Leech, N. L., Slate, J. R., Stark, M., Sharma, B., Frels, R., et al. (2012). An Exemplar for Teaching and Learning Qualitative Research. The Qualitative Report, 17(1), 16+. Retrieved July 8, 2012, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=oandd=5053248094 Pargament, K. I. (1997). The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research. Practice: Pg. 38. Phan, D. L. and J. B. Kingree (2001). Sexual Abuse Victimization And Psychological Distress Among Adolescent Offenders. J Child Sex Abus 10(4): 81-90. Prati, G. and L. Pietrantoni (2009). Optimism, Social Support, And Coping Strategies As Factors Contributing To Posttraumatic Growth: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma 14(5): 364-388. Racklin, J. M. (1998). The roles of sense of coherence, spirituality, and religion in responses to trauma, California School of Professional Psychology, Alameda. Satcher, D. S. (2000). Executive Summary: A Report Of The Surgeon General On Mental Health.  Ã‚   Public Health Rep 115(1): 89-101. Schuster, M. A., B. D. Stein, et al. (2001). A National Survey Of Stress Reactions After The September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks. N Engl J Med 345(20): 1507-1512. Shay, J. (1991). Learning About Combat Stress From HomersIliad. J Trauma Stress 4(4): 561-579. Shephard, B. (2002). A War Of Nerves, Vintage. Shudro, C. (2005). The Unseen Wounds of War. Retrieved July 11, 2012, from http://yalemedicine. yale.edu/ym_au05/war.html Sinclair, N. D. (1993). Horrific Traumata: A Pastoral Response To The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Routledge. Steer, J. L. and C. Dudley (1982). Vietnam: Curse or Blessing, New Leaf Press. Tedeschi, R. G. and L. G. Calhoun (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the Positive Legacy of Trauma. J Trauma Stress 9(3): 455-471. Thompson, P. C., H. A. Norton, et al. (2004). The United States Army Chaplaincy, Office of the Chief of Chaplains, Dept. of the Army. Unwin, C., N. Blatchley, et al. (1999). Health of UK Servicemen Who Served in Persian Gulf War. Lancet 353(9148): 169-178 van der Kolk, B. A., A. C. McFarlane, et al. (1996). A General Approach to Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Veroff, J., R. A. Kulka, et al. (1981). Mental Health In America: Patterns Of Help-Seeking From 1957 To 1976 Basic Books New York Walsh. R. (2007). The World of Shamanism: New Views on an Ancient Tradition. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn Publication Walsh-Bowers, R. (2002). Constructing Qualitative Knowledge in Psychology: Students and Faculty Negotiate the Social Context of Inquiry. Canadian Psychology, 43(3), 163+. Retrieved July 8, 2012, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=oandd=5035234612 Watts, F. (2007). Emotion Regulation and Religion. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation. pp. 504-520. New York: Guilford Press. Weaver, A. J. (1995). Has There Been A Failure To Prepare And Support Parish-Based Clergy In Their Role As Frontline Community Mental Health Workers: A Review. J Pastoral Care 49(2): 129-147. Weaver, A. J., H. G. Koenig, et al. (1996). Posttraumatic Stress, Mental Health Professionals, And The Clergy: A Need For Collaboration, Training, And Research.   J Trauma Stress 9(4): 847-856. Weinrich, S., S. B. Hardin, et al. (1990). Nurses Respond To Hurricane Hugo Victims Disaster Stress.  Ã‚   Arch Psychiatr Nurse 4(3): 195-205. Williams, M. B., Sommer, J. F., Jr. (Eds.). (1994). Handbook of Post-Traumatic Therapy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 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Education Is More Important Than Ever Essay - 1831 Words

In today’s world, education is more important than ever. With all the competition out there, a high school degree means basically nothing and a four year college degree is only average. Employers want employees with graduate degrees and so forth. Sadly, todays students are debating whether or not the cost of college is worth it because graduates are graduating into a world with no employment available. Government should pay half of every student’s college tuition with no strings attached so that graduates and the economy of America could have a brighter future without being saddled in debt. College is an experience that every kid should be able to experience whether they stay home or dorm. College gives you the chance to be independent, explore your interest, meet new people, join clubs, get involved, learn decision making skills, how to study properly, and most importantly learn how to mange time wisely. A college education teaches you advanced knowledge and skills tha t you cant learn in high school. In college you are able to explore a number of different fields, subjects, professions, and even ones you ve never heard of before. In college you are able to get a college degree, go onto higher degrees, and even become a professional in whatever field of study you desire. Most importantly, without a college education it is hard to get a good job. Most jobs as an adult require a colleges degree or higher. For future success and â€Å"higher lifetime earnings† (Higher EducationShow MoreRelatedEducation Is More Important Today World Than Ever Before1446 Words   |  6 PagesPart 1- Introduction and Description of Program Education is more important in today’s world than ever before. In September of 2010, a new program was implemented across Ontario to give students a stronger start in school and life. 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I mean, as they get older, they re going toRead MoreShould We Pay A House?1626 Words   |  7 PagesPeople always focused on their looks and not enough focused on education. It’s like all they care about is being beautiful instead of trying to learn. They were too concerned about learning how to be prettier, and not at all concerned about education. I mean, as they get older, they re going to have to know about things to get a job. They also need to know what to do in the future, for example, when they become an adult,Read MoreWhat Is My Educationa l Philosophy?890 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophers in education this semester, I have come to agree and disagree with a lot of different ideas. If I had to only pick one philosopher and their ideas I wouldn’t be able to. I don’t really have any fresh or original ideas on education. I would have to say my philosophy is a mixture between all the different philosophers and things I have learned this semester in class and things that were self-taught. When trying to answer the question â€Å"What should be the guiding purpose of public education?† I figuredRead MoreWhy College Education Is Important to Me839 Words   |  4 PagesWhy College Education is Important to Me Patty Murray said â€Å"A good education means learning to read, write and most importantly learn how to learn so that you can be whatever you want to be when you grow up.† Getting a college education will help open so many doors and give me opportunities to better myself, and provide me with a more successful life that I can be proud of. In today’s society it is hard to get a good job or have a stable career without first getting a college degree. A college

There Have Been Numerous Historical Evidences Shown About

There have been numerous historical evidences shown about the Pre-colonial history of Black kingdoms in Africa. Many historians have concluded that the people that inhabit Pre-colonial Africa were anthropologically Black. However, there has been so much controversy and misconception about the ethnicity of ancient Egyptians by many historians. The controversy is due to many ethnocentric historians and anthropologists attributing the development of the Egyptian civilization to the Caucasian people. Dr. Herbert J. Foster, historian from Staten Island Community College, argues that significant amounts of people inhabiting Egypt were black; they were major contributors to the development of the Egyptian civilization. Dr. Herbert utilizes†¦show more content†¦There were many quotes throughout the article by anthropologists that echoed the sentiment that it was the Hamites who settled and helped develop Egypt. One notable anthropologist that Dr. Herbert wrote about was C. G. Seligm an. Seligman solidified the new Hamitic Hypothesis by praising the success and accomplishments that happened in Africa and Egypt to the â€Å"Caucasian† Hamites. Dr. Herbert then noted that Seligman’s theory, â€Å" still persists in the writings of numerous anthropologists and historians.† Dr. Herbert was able to use evidences from different fields such as anthropology and history to understand the controversy surrounding the Hamitic Hypothesis. Dr. Herbert uses scientific, archeological and historical evidences to argue that the ethnicity of Egyptians was black; and that they were major contributors to the Egyptian civilization. Historical evidence was used to support the argument that there were blacks contributing to the expansion of Egypt. Dr. Herbert quoted an author of African History, Basil Davidson, who argued, â€Å"that the ancient ancestors of present-day Africa were an â€Å"important and perhaps dominant element† among the people who fathered early Egyptian civilization.† Herbert used scientific studies to help support the claim that Davidson made. Dr. Herbert first talked about the study done in 1905 by Randall-McIver and Thompson who surveyed ancient Egyptian skulls. Randall-McIver and ThompsonShow MoreRelatedThe Novel Animal Farm 1362 Words   |  6 Pagesman/self/nature/society). Use details from the novel to support your response. From a broad perspective, numerous conflicts emerge throughout the course of the novel Animal Farm, whether it be Man vs. Man or Man vs. Society. In further elaboration upon this reality, Snowball and Napoleon, two noteworthy pigs, conspicuously disagree on numerous topics-of-interest. 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The Immigration Law Of 140 Years - 925 Words

Throughout the years we have gone through various achievements; the election of the first â€Å"Black† President; the release of enslavement; the approval of â€Å"Gay† marriage and more, yet immigration still remains untouched. Now that is clearly an exaggerated statement, but The fact that the immigration law of 140 years ago is still not seen as a type of repression and the American current civilization is still in denial of it, is what makes it ever so severe. From the first immigration policy: the Page Act of 1875, to the Immigration reform and Control Act of 1986 the immigration policies have remained the same. Both acts, among others are not written for the safety of one country but for the racial discrimination of one specific group of immigrants, now especially to Latin Americans. Because of this discrimination is why it is so essential to understand how the immigrants have continued to exclude people and have not changed over time. 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Nutritious Diet for Fall in elderly people - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Nutritious Diet for Fall in elderly people. Answer: Project Aim This project aims to decline the fall rate in the aged people who stay in the Aged care homes by less than 30%, within 6 months by providing nutritious diet. Project Evidence Certain evidences that support that the problem is worth to solve includes, the Australian Health Care reports and, the report of Health and welfare of the elderly people i.e., provided by the WHO (World Health Organization). Australian Health and welfare reports has reported that, from 2011-2012 around 1, 26,000 elderly people were admitted to the hospitals. The reason is reported as injuries caused because of falling. For every 1, 00,000 count the rate of fall in women is 4,252 and in men it is estimated as 3,235 (Right at Home Australia, 2018). WHOs global health report on fall prevention in old people report stated that, in 2006 the people above 60 years of age were estimated as 688 million, throughout the world. It was estimated that the number could further reach up to 2 billion by 2050 (Sherrington and Tiedemann, 2015). Clinical Governance The Australian council defines Clinical Governance as a system that helps the government to manage the responsibilities of the mangers, staff and clinicians. It also ensures to check their accountability in terms of quality health care, decreased risks, continuous improvement and development in the patients (Avant.org.au, 2018) (Western Australian Strategic Plan for Safety and Quality in Health Care 20132017, 2014). Pillars of Clinical Governance Clinical Governance contains the following pillars: Consumer Value In clinical governance, the initial pillar is termed as Consumer value (Clinical Governance, Safety and Quality Policy Framework, 2016). It is a pillar utilised to establish the policies and standards that help to improve the patients knowledge. It contains a policy named as, Complaint management and health service orientation policies. Thus, the aged peoples complaints are focused with orientation programmes for improving their health (A clinical governance guide for remote and isolated health services in Australia, 2013). Therefore, value of the aged people is considered in this pillar (Clinical Governance Framework, 2012) (Sherrington and Tiedemann, 2015). Clinical Performance and Evaluation In clinical governance, the secondary pillar is termed as clinical performance and evaluation, which evaluates the clinical measures. Such pillar is utilized to establish the procedures to audit, monitor and evaluate the related performance. This pillar might help the aged care homes, to get information about the doctor (A clinical governance guide for remote and isolated health services in Australia, 2013). Patient dashboard can also be provided to the aged care. This pillar helps in reducing the variations in the clinical practices which would help the health of the old aged to go with routine treatments and medicines. The adverse cases are reduced and simultaneously the cost also declines. Thus, this can help economic stability of the aged care homes (Phillips et al., 2010). Clinical Risk In clinical governance, clinical risk is an essential pillar, which contains the standard policies. For instance, Clinical Risk Management Policy and root cause analysis (A clinical governance guide for remote and isolated health services in Australia, 2013). Such type of risk management policy could be helpful for identifying the risk factors related to aged peoples health. The main cause for the fall in the old people is identified by the root cause analysis, which can be used to resolve the identified causes (Wu and Hsieh, 2013). This results in prevention of falls (Fenn and Egan, 2012). Professional Development and Management In clinical governance, the final pillar is termed as, Professional development and management. This pillar ensures to improve the health care services and is utilized for its professional development (A clinical governance guide for remote and isolated health services in Australia, 2013). This policy directs the rules of clinical practice for the staff and helps them to take care of the elderly people living in the aged care homes (Phillips et al., 2010). Clinical Governance for Old Age Care Homes Government of South Australia conducts SA Health Care programs like, Preventing Falls and Harm from falls for the aged people. They have taken certain policy measures to prevent falls in the elderly people. National quality and safety has 10 standards and among 10 standards, the two important standards are Preventing Falls and Harm from falls (Sahealth.sa.gov.au, 2017). Organizations that provide health care services has certain governance structure and system for reducing falls, which minimizes the injuries that are caused due to falls (Church, Haas and Goodall, 2015). The Australian hospitals, communities and the residential aged care homes got best practice guideline in 2009, for reducing the fall in old people. They produced three different documents. One for hospitals, second one for the Residential Aged care homes and third one for the community care. This governance was established on January 1, 2009 (Sahealth.sa.gov.au, 2017). This governance had reported to address various a spects like, interventions and precautionary measures for falls (Stevens et al., 2015). They provided many possible risk factors and interventions for the falls in the aged people (Myagedcare.gov.au, 2015). Key Stakeholder of the Aged Care Stakeholder can either be an individual or a group of people who can either impact or get impacted by any activity. The aged care homes primary stakeholders are as follows: Beneficiaries They are the owners of the aged care home and they get income from it. Providers or helpers They are the people who provide health care facilities for the elderly people. Funders They are the people who provide funds for facilitating the old people. Old Age people Old Age people are those who are directly involved in the Aged care homes (Winter, Watt and Peel, 2012). CPI Tools Clinical Practice Improvement (CPI) improves the health care process and its results. It is a methodology that provides multidimensional outcomes which can be directly applied in patients clinical management process. CPI is a tool that, acts as an assistance to understand and implement the feedbacks for supporting the knowledge in the clinical environment. It mainly helps in the following processes: To identify and diagnose the issue. To implement interventions. For re-measuring the results, to know whether the interventions were effective enough or not. Thus, CPI is referred as a tool that deals to organize the health care related issues. The methodology of CPI is to explore the following (Qualitymatters.co, 2018): What has to be achieved? How to know that change can lead to improvement i.e., what must be measured? What kind of changes must be made that results as improvement? CPIs fundamental principles are listed below (Qualitymatters.co, 2018): It is possible to analyse the health care process. It is possible to measure the clinical process and its results. A desire to implement change. Reflective knowledge on human performance and essential care system related to health care process is required. In the health care process for effective improvements, multidisciplinary teamwork and designing novel solutions are very much important. According to various health care reports, the hospitals take actions and measures only after the fall. But, this project demands implementing precautionary measure before the occurrence of fall in the old people. Thus, a properly defined CPI tool is essential to implement the precautionary measures. Various CPI tools are available to improve patients safety and to improve the quality of health care services. The tools include like, Six Sigma, Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA), Lean, Root cause analysis and so on. Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) Mechanism This project considers "Plan-Do-Study-Act" mechanism as a perfect CPI tool for the prevention of falls in the aged people. PDSA is a quality improving cycle. Its main objective is to establish relationship between the modifications done in the process, which gives positive impacts on the final outcomes of the process (Clinical Prevention And Population Health Curriculum Framework, 2015). Plan Plan States: To provide nutritious food and medications to the aged people present in the Aged care homes, for improving their health (NCOA, 2018) (Mucavele, 2013). Expected Results of the Plan: The nutrients in the diet along with the medication at the right time declines the rate of fall in the aged people, due to improved care and nutrition. Plans Execution Steps: Initially, the current fall rate in the elderly people will be estimated. A diet plan for all the aged people will be distributed in the aged care homes. The diet will be strictly followed along with the doctor prescribed medications. The providers or helpers will ensure that all the elderly people are provided their respective diet. These steps will be continued for the next six months. The fall rate will be evaluated again, to check the results of the implemented plan. Do What was observed? It was observed that the aged people required help or assistance in reminding to take their medications on time. They faced difficulty in walking and standing, without any support. Every time young people or helpers were not around to give them the required support to stand and walk. Some hated consuming more tablets and took excuses for having their tablets. Deficiency of vitamin D and calcium was observed in the old people. Study What was studied? It was studied that the aged people require additional supplement to strengthen their bones. The study projected that, the aged people need immediate support of supportive objects to walk and stand all by themselves. Further, it was observed from the study that, the aged people stayed at their bed most of the time and they rarely went out to get additional vitamin D. Additional calcium for strengthen their bones was missing. Were the measured goals achieved? The initial plan had certain flaws, which failed the plan. The encountered flaws are listed below: Lack of Vitamin D and calcium. Lack of supportive objects for independently moving around. Lack of knowledge about their medicines. Act Conclusion: As elderly people felt uneasy to rely on others support, provide essential support objects that help them to stand and walk by themselves. Thus, this will help them to be independent. Educate the aged people about the benefits of taking their medicines, on time. This will help them to have their tablets without any excuses. Moreover, they will realize the importance of their tablets and would be careful not to miss it at any cost. Thus, the elderly people can go out by themselves to intake sunlight, for additional vitamin D. Henceforth, the second cycle of PDSA will help to implement solutions to the flaws observed in the first plan. Thus, solution for the flaws is adding enough supportive objects, in the aged care homes, intake of sunlight for vitamin D and calcium supplements are recommended in the next plan, as an improved plan. Proposed Intervention This section describes and explains the proposed interventions or plan. Problem The rate of fall in the old people has increased in the Australian aged care homes, to a large extent. Aim This report aims to prevent fall in the aged people, by providing them nutritious diet. Thus, the plan just enforces correct intake of nutritious food. Problem Dimensions The identified reasons for the fall are listed below: Lack of nutritious diet. Lack of knowledge about the benefits and value of the medications in the patients. Lack of independent support for standing and walking. Lack of care and support in the aged care homes. Proposal Justification The plan just enforces on effective intake of nutritious food for the old people (more than 65 years old) living in the Aged care homes. The food rich in vitamin D are added in the diet such as, Salmon, mackerel, tuna and beefs liver. Soya milk, cheese and raw milk are the dairy products included in the diet that contains vitamin D and calcium. Orange is the fruit that is added in the diet to add Vitamin D intake in the old people. The food rich in vitamin D rich helps the old people to recover from fractured bones that is observed in patient of Osteoporosis. The fall in old people results in Osteoporosis. Limitations of the Proposal This proposal fails to concentrate on the other essential care that the old people require. For instance, independence through supportive objects and knowledge about their medication. Thus, the important thing that this proposal lacks is improving human balance. Lacks additional calcium intake in the diet, as the old people have weak bones and muscles that results in fall. Therefore, adding calcium intake in their diet is important. Though, the diet includes food is rich in vitamin D, it is not sufficient for the old people. Because, it is also important to get sunlight exposure for providing enough vitamin D. On the other hand, even the experts suggest the benefits of sunlight exposure on the old peoples body parts like face and upper limbs just for five to fifteen minutes. This is considered to save the old people from Osteoporosis. Thus, the proposal lacks vitamin D, got through sunlight. The proposal also require sponsors for providing funds to economically support the old aged people living in the aged care homes. Therefore, including solutions for these limitations can support this proposal to accomplish. Barriers for the Implementation The barriers for fall prevention program includes, time management and economic factors (Child et al., 2012). Time Management It is the primary factor that acts a as barrier for the elderly people, as the daily lifestyle of the elderly people keeps changing due to their ailments. The elderly people require help from other people to visit their doctors for routine check-up, to resolve their health problem. But, their close ones might be busy with other works. Therefore, this results in time management issue for their concerned ones, as they have to spend their time in waiting for the taxi and the waiting time to meet the doctor (Child et al., 2012). Economical Barrier Various studies prove that, the cost used for resolving any proposed solution is the biggest barrier of the project. More money is required to purchase the nutritious food resources, for the aged care homes. Thus, appropriate medications by consulting a doctor is also economically difficult. The elderly people often get health issues, and consulting a doctor often for all their issues might not be possible by all. Moreover, it is not possible for the old people to use public transport for visiting the doctor and hence a private taxi has to be used. This becomes the economic barrier (Child et al., 2012). Project Evaluation This section includes evaluating the measures and results of the proposed interventions. Evaluation Result Plans Strategic Fit The current fall rate in the old people is estimated and is compared after completing the plan, for a set period of time. Project Validity The results are evaluated after a duration of six months. Progress and effectiveness of the Plan This project considers CPI tool as its foundation and it implements using effective PDSA cycle, which helps it to identify the drawbacks of the plan and help in improving the plan in the next cycle. Resource Efficiency This project lacks management of resources like nutritious food. Effective Management This project also lacks effective management. Plans Sustainability The plan will be sustainable only it is financially supported, to facilitate the aged care homes with nutritious food, supportive objects to walk. But, this project plan doesnt provide details about methods that supporting funds. One of the method is promotions of aged care homes. References A clinical governance guide for remote and isolated health services in Australia. (2013).CRANAplus. [online] Available at: https://crana.org.au/uploads/pdfs/CRANAplus-Clinical-Governance-Guide.pdf. Avant.org.au. (2018).Clinical governance. [online] Available at: https://www.avant.org.au/resources/start-a-practice/practice-planning/business-planning/clinical-governance/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018]. Child, S., Goodwin, V., Garside, R., Jones-Hughes, T., Boddy, K. and Stein, K. (2012). Factors influencing the implementation of fall-prevention programmes: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative studies.Implementation Science, 7(1). Church, J., Haas, M. and Goodall, S. (2015). Cost Effectiveness of Falls and Injury Prevention Strategies for Older Adults Living in Residential Aged Care Facilities.PharmacoEconomics, 33(12), pp.1301-1310. Clinical Governance Framework. (2012).HealthDirect Australia, (3). Clinical Governance, Safety and Quality Policy Framework. (2016).Department of Health, Western Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.health.wa.gov.au/circularsnew/frameworks/Clinical_Governance,_Safety_and_Quality.pdf. ClinicalPrevention AndPopulationHealth CurriculumFramework. (2015).Association for Prevention Teaching and Research, [online] (3). Available at: https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.aptrweb.org/resource/resmgr/HPCTF_Docs/Revised_CPPH_Framework_2.201.pdf [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018]. Fenn, P. and Egan, T. (2012). Risk management in the NHS: governance, finance and clinical risk.Clinical Medicine, 12(1), pp.25-28. Mucavele, P. (2013). Providing a balanced and nutritious diet.Early Years Educator, 14(10), pp.38-44. Myagedcare.gov.au. (2015).Preventing falls in the elderly. [online] Available at: https://www.myagedcare.gov.au/getting-started/healthy-and-active-ageing/preventing-falls-in-elderly [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018]. NCOA. (2018).6Steps for Preventing Falls in the Elderly | NCOA. [online] Available at: https://www.ncoa.org/healthy-aging/falls-prevention/preventing-falls-tips-for-older-adults-and-caregivers/6-steps-to-protect-your-older-loved-one-from-a-fall/ [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018]. Phillips, C., Pearce, C., Hall, S., Travaglia, J., de Lusignan,, S., Love, T. and Kljakovic, M. (2010). Can clinical governance deliver quality improvement in Australian general practice and primary care? A systematic review of the evidence.Medical Journal of Australia, 193(10). Qualitymatters.co. (2018). Clinical Practice Improvement (CPI). [online] Available at: https://qualitymatters.co/Resources/Training-programs/Clinical-Practice-Improvement--CPI-/Clinical-Practice-Methodology-CPI- [Accessed 10 Jan. 2018]. Right at Home Australia. (2018).Fall Prevention In Aged Care. [online] Available at: https://www.rightathome.com.au/general/entry/fall-prevention-in-aged-care [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018]. Sahealth.sa.gov.au. (2017).Safety and quality reports. [online] Available at: https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/clinical+resources/safety+and+quality/safety+and+quality+reports [Accessed 8 Jan. 2018]. Sherrington, C. and Tiedemann, A. (2015). Physiotherapy in the prevention of falls in older people.Journal of Physiotherapy, 61(2), pp.54-60. Stevens, J., Parker, E., Lee, R. and Yang, Z. (2015). Medications Associated with Falls Among a Cohort of Medicare Beneficiaries Aged 65 and Older.The Gerontologist, 55(Suppl_2), pp.220-220. Western Australian Strategic Plan for Safety and Quality in Health Care 20132017. (2014).Government of Western Australia, (1). Winter, H., Watt, K. and Peel, N. (2012). Falls prevention interventions for community-dwelling older persons with cognitive impairment: a systematic review.International Psychogeriatrics, 25(02), pp.215-227. Wu, S. and Hsieh, R. (2013). Use of Root Cause Analysis to Prevent Falls and Promote Patient Safety in Clinical Rehabilitation.Journal of Novel Physiotherapies, 03(02). Zachary, C., Casteel, C., Nocera, M. and Runyan, C. (2012). Barriers to senior centre implementation of falls prevention programmes.Injury Prevention, 18(4), pp.272-276.

Financial Risk Management for Theory & Practice- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Risk Management for Theory Practice. Answer: The current and quick ratios are the liquidity ratios which reflect the position of companys liquidity. Having high ratios indicate that the organization is performing well and is able to meet its short term financial obligations easily and quickly. Considering the data provided for FV Ltd., the statement given by CFO is correct as it can be seen that there is a constant increase in the current ratio of the company and in 2017 it was 1.33 which was more than that of in 2016 and 2015. Also the ratio is more than the industry average of 1.25. Hence, it implies that the company has improved its liquidity position with high liquid assets. Also the quick ratio of the FV Ltd is almost equal to the industry average, which means the company is able to pay off its current liabilities with its quick assets (Tracy, 2012). The working capital management of FV is analysed through its inventory turnover ratio and the collection period of receivables. Company has a high and increasing ITR, which means it is very much efficient in managing its inventories. However, the collection period has increased over the year but is less than industry average. This means company has a better management of its working capital (Sagner, 2010). Beta is basically a measure of a systematic risk of a security or portfolio, in comparison to the whole market. It is the most important variable used in CAPM calculation. Companys beta is 2.1 which means it is more than 2 times as volatile as the overall market. In other words, it will give more returns than the market (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). A systematic risk is a market risk which consist of day to fay fluctuations in the stock price of the company. This risk cannot be reduced through diversification. On the other hand, unsystematic risk is the diversifiable risk which is associated with the company in which the investment is made. It can be minimized through diversification. The currency derivatives such as forward, futures, options and swap can be used for the purpose of hedging. One of the strategy is hedging through options. In this, one can buy a call option and sell the put option or vice-versa. This technique directly helps in protecting the portfolio, specifically the equity portfolio. Another strategy is Hedging through structures. Under this one portion of the portfolio is invested in debt and other in derivatives. Debt portion makes the portfolio stable whereas, derivatives prevents from downside risk (eFinanceManagement.com, n.d.). References Tracy, A., (2012).Ratio analysis fundamentals: how 17 financial ratios can allow you to analyse any business on the planet. RatioAnalysis. net. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., (2013).Financial management: Theory practice. 15th ed. USA: Cengage Learning. eFinanceManagement.com. (n.d.).Hedging| Hedging Example, Hedging Types, Hedging strategies. [Online] Available at: https://efinancemanagement.com/derivatives/hedging#Hedging_through_Options [Accessed 24 March 2018]. Sagner, J., (2010).Essentials of working capital management (Vol. 55). New Jersey: John Wiley Sons.